Compensated Leg Systems The simple and direct relationship between liquid height in a vessel and pressure at the bottom of that vessel is ruined if another source of pressure exists inside the vessel other than hydrostatic (elevation head). This is virtually guaranteed to be the case if the vessel in question is unvented. Any gas […]
The rapid evolution of technology is transforming industries worldwide, with electronics playing a central role in driving innovation. From smartphones and smart homes to autonomous vehicles and advanced medical devices, electronics underpin some of the most revolutionary advancements of our time. One significant factor accelerating this progress is the rise of innovation hubs—collaborative ecosystems where
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Hydrostatic Interface Level Measurement Hydrostatic pressure sensors may be used to detect the level of a liquid-liquid interface, if and only if the total height of liquid never drops down into the sensing range of the interface level instrument. This is critically important because any single hydrostatic-based level instrument cannot discriminate between a changing interface
Mechanical Pressure Sensing Elements Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these devices converts a fluid pressure into a force. If unrestrained, the natural elastic properties of the element will produce a motion proportional to the applied pressure. Bellows resemble an accordion constructed from metal instead of fabric.
Manometer Construction and Working A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer : a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas pressure causes the fluid height to shift proportionately. This is why pressure is often measured in units of liquid height (e.g. inches of water, inches of mercury). As you can see, a
Different Types of Process Control Switches There are different types of process control switches. These are: Limit Switch A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a limit switch is the switch detecting the open position of an automobile door, automatically energizing the cabin
Signal Generators A signal generator is an instrument that provides a controlled output waveform or signal for use in testing, aligning or in measurements on other circuits or equipment. The signal generators can be classified into the following categories:- 1. Audio generators 2. Function generators 3. Pulse generators 4. RF generators 5. Frequency synthesizers 6.
Cathode Ray Tube – CRT It is the ‘heart’ of an oscilloscope and is very similar to the picture tube in a television set. Construction of CRT The cross-sectional view of a general purpose electrostatic deflection CRT is shwon in Fig. 1. Its four major components are:- As shown, a CRT is a self-contained unit
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope – CRO It is generally referred to as oscilloscope or scope and is the basic tool of an electronic engineer and technician as voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are those of an electrical engineer or electrician. The CRO provides a two-dimensional visual display of the signal wave-shape on a screen thereby allowing an
J.S. Kilby of Texas Instruments was the first person to develop (in 1959) an integrated circuit — a single monolithic silicon chip in which active and passive components were fabricated by successive deposition, etching and diffusions. He was soon followed by Robert Noyce of Fairchild who successfully fabricated a complete IC including the interconnections on