Electronic Instruments

An instrument which is used to measure magnetic flux density is known as magnetometer. This instrument is also known as Gauss meter or Tesla meter since its output can be expressed in Gauss or Tesla. Gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density in CGS system while Tesla is in SI system. The two units […]

Multimeter is a device used to measure multiple quantities in a circuit. The digital multimeters (abbreviated as DMM) have many advantages in comparison to analog multimeters. DMMs give highly precise results, have high input impedance, much greater resolution and are smaller in size. They indicate overload and show negative sign for reverse connection, and can

Digital Frequency Meter An instrument which displays the frequency of a periodic electrical signal is known as digital frequency meter. The block diagram of a digital frequency meter system, shown in Figure 1 consists of an amplifier or an attenuator to which the input signal is applied. This performs the function of amplification or attenuation

Oscilloscope Probes A probe is a conductor used to establish a connection between the circuit under test and the measuring instrument. While connecting the test circuit, the probe does not alter, load or disturbs the circuit and signal conditions to be analyzed. The probe should have high impedance. The probe bandwidth should be as high

Measurement of Voltage Using CRO Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is primary a voltage-measuring instrument. Once we have measured the voltage, other quantities can be calculated. CRO is a voltage dependent instrument and can be used for the measurement of voltages at any frequency within the range of the operation of the CRO. Fig. 1. shows

Signal Generators A signal generator is an instrument that provides a controlled output waveform or signal for use in testing, aligning or in measurements on other circuits or equipment. The signal generators can be classified into the following categories:- 1. Audio generators 2. Function generators 3. Pulse generators 4. RF generators 5. Frequency synthesizers 6.

Cathode Ray Tube – CRT It is the ‘heart’ of an oscilloscope and is very similar to the picture tube in a television set. Construction of CRT The cross-sectional view of a general purpose electrostatic deflection CRT is shwon in Fig. 1. Its four major components are:- As shown, a CRT is a self-contained unit

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope – CRO It is generally referred to as oscilloscope or scope and is the basic tool of an electronic engineer and technician as voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are those of an electrical engineer or electrician. The CRO provides a two-dimensional visual display of the signal wave-shape on a screen thereby allowing an

Frequency Counter The most basic function of a frequency counter is the measurement of an unknown frequency. Modern frequency counters, however, offer much more than just frequency measurement. Other related parameters such as the time period, which is the reciprocal of frequency, the time interval between two events and the totalize count, which is nothing

Frequency Synthesizers Frequency synthesizers generate sinusoidal signals of extremely high frequency stability and exceptional output level accuracy. Frequency synthesizers and similar instruments such as synthesized function/signal generators are used to provide test signals for characterization of devices, subsystems and systems. Synthesized function generators, in addition to providing spectrally pure and accurate CW sinusoidal signals, also