Sizing a Battery-Based PV System In addition to grid-direct PV systems, which I show you how to size in privious article, the other major PV system type you’ll likely have the opportunity to design and install is a battery-based system. You can install one of these systems on the grid (utility-interactive) or off the grid (stand-alone). […]
Sizing a Grid-Direct PV System When you set off on the task of sizing a grid-direct PV system you need to account for many variables. As you find out in this article, the overall process results in a PV system that’s based on the client’s budget, the available area, the annual energy production and consumption
PV Arry Charge Controllers Charge controllers are used to control the current coming from a power source. The charge controllers that are commercially available come in a variety of sizes and have an assortment of features. Small charge controllers can be used in very small systems with one or two PV modules charging a small battery bank. Larger
Standard Test Conditions for PV Modules PV modules have to undergo some very stringent tests and certifications before they ever reach the consumer (or the installer, for that matter). An Underwriters Laboratory (UL) test protocol, UL1703, covers PV modules and requires testing of both the electrical and mechanical portions of each and every PV module.
JFET Construction and Working The junction field-effect transistor (JFET) is a three element electronic device. Its operation is based on the conduction of current carriers through a single piece of semiconductor material. This piece of material is called the channel. An additional piece of semiconductor material is diffused into the channel. This element is called
Power MOSFET Construction and Working Metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are a rather new addition to the unipolar transistor family. A distinguishing feature of this device is its gate construction. The gate is, for example, completely insulated from the channel. Voltage applied to the gate will cause it to develop an electrostatic charge. No current
Light Sensitive Devices Light-sensitive devices include photo cells, solar cells, photo-diodes, and photo-transistors. Photo Cell It is a light-sensitive device in which the internal resistance changes with a change in light intensity. The resistance change is not proportional to the light striking it. The photo cell is made from light-sensitive material such as cadmium sulfide
Electrical Specifications of PV Modules PV modules have the ability to produce power, and each module has its own specific current and voltage characteristics. You can find all of these specifications listed on the backside of every module you buy as well as on every specification (spec) sheet from the manufacturers. The power value is important because
3D Solar Cell Systems 3D solar cell systems are based on the treatment of the reflection of sunlight on the surface of the solar cell where the reflection of sunlight on the surface of a silicon cell is over 30 % (view graph). This percentage represents a loss in efficiency even anti-reflection coating of light
Here, I will present my humble idea about 3D solar cells and include four design 3D. As we have already mentioned, the three-dimensional shape of the solar cells or the solar module, it is in order to catch the reflected light on the surface of the cell or the module, if we want to introduce