Analog to Digital Conversion Physical quantities like temperature, pressure, velocity etc. can be measured using transducer circuits. The resulting analog voltage produced by a transducer is often converted to digital form so that it can be processed by a computer or a digital signal processor (DSP). The conversion of an analog signal to digital utilizes […]
Method of Measuring Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Displacement is a quantity that indicates the change in position of a body or point. Angular displacement refers to a rotation that can be measured in degrees or radians. Displacement transducers can be either contacting or noncontacting. Contacting transducers typically use a sensing shaft with a coupling device
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Method of Measuring Strain, Pressure, and Flow Rate Strain is the deformation, either expansion or compression, of a material due to a force acting on it. For example, a metal rod or bar will lengthen slightly when an appropriate force is applied, as illustrated in Figure 1(a). Also, if a metal plate is bent, there
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Methods of Measuring Temperature Temperature is the most common physical parameter that is measured and converted to electrical form. Several types of temperature transducers respond to temperature and produce a corresponding indication by a change or alteration in a physical characteristic that can be detected by an electronic circuit. Common types of temperature transducers are
Applications of Wheatstone Bridge The Wheatstone bridge circuit can be used to precisely measure resistance. However, the bridge is most commonly used in conjunction with transducers to measure physical quantities such as strain, temperature, and pressure. Transducers are devices that sense a change in a physical parameter and convert that change into an electrical quantity
Operation of PMMC Instrument Most analogue (pointer-on-scale) instruments rely on three factors for their operation: a deflecting torque; a restoring torque; and a damping torque. Deflecting Torque: Essentially, a moving coil meter is a current measuring device. The current to be measured is passed through a multi-turn coil suspended between the poles of a permanent
Troubleshooting of PLC In the event of a PLC fault, you should employ a careful and systematic approach to troubleshoot the system to resolve the problem. PLCs are relatively easy to troubleshoot because the control program can be displayed on a monitor and watched in real time as it executes. If a control system has
Installation and Commissioning of PLC A PLC system, if installed properly, should give years of trouble-free service. The design of PLCs includes a number of rugged features that allow them to be installed in almost any industrial environment. However, problems can occur if the system is not installed properly. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) require protection
This article explains how the PLC shift register functions operate and how it can be applied to control problems. Shift registers are often used to track parts on automated manufacturing lines by shifting either status or values through data files. PLC Shift Register Instructions & Programs The PLC not only uses a fixed pattern of
PLC Sequencer Instructions This article explains how the PLC sequencer functions operate and how they can be applied to control problems. The sequencer instruction evolved from the mechanical drum switch, and it can handle complex sequencing control problems more easily than does the drum switch. Mechanical Sequencers Sequencer instructions are designed to operate much like