Figure 1(a) shows a buck converter, the most basic topology for converters. A buck converter always steps the voltage down. A transistor, either a bipolar junction or a power FET, is used as the switching device. A rectangular signal out of the pulse-width modulator closes and opens the switch. A comparator controls the duty cycle […]
This article covers the following items about electrical timers: The five sections of timers Nine timer operating principles Five common modes of timer operations Timer charts Sections of Electrical Timer Figure 1 provides a block diagram that shows the five functional sections of a timer. Timers can be divided into the following sections: Power or
When a high reverse-biased voltage applied to a diode may create a high reverse current, which can generate excessive heat and cause a diode to break down. The applied reverse voltage at which the breakdown occurs is called the breakdown voltage, or peak reverse voltage. A special diode called a zener diode is connected to
There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors. These are n-type and p-type. In n-type, the electrons are majority charge carriers while holes are minority charge carriers. In p-type, the holes are majority charge carriers and electrons are minority charge carriers. When these two types of materials namely n-type and p-type are chemically combined with a special
A resonance circuit consists of a capacitor and an inductor. It also has some resistance. Either this resistance may be the effective resistance of the coil itself or connected externally to create some desired effect. A resonance RLC series circuit is shown in Figure. Here, a capacitor C and an inductor L are connected
Hi friends, In this article, I am discussing the radar working principle, block diagram and applications. So keep reading. A radar which stands for “radio detection and ranging” is a method of detecting the presence and position of objects by reflected radio waves. The detected object is called target and the distance to the target is determined
Hi friends, In this article, I am providing you some basic information about the industrial applications of ultrasonic waves. So keep reading. The term ultrasonic is used in acoustics to denote the frequencies which are beyond the range of human hearing. Thus; ultrasonic waves are sound waves of frequencies above 20,000 c/s. By using modern methods of generation,
A transistor can also act as a switch and can turn ON and OFF power in an electrical load. The action of the transistor, while using a transistor as a switch is explained below: Switching Action of a Transistor To understand the switching action of a transistor in detail, consider the collector characteristics for a
Characteristics of PN junction diode is a graph between the voltage applied across its terminals and the current that flows through it. It is drawn to know the behavior of diode in the electrical circuit. For a typical junction diode, characteristics are shown in Figure. It shows how much current will flow for a particular
Zener diode is a crystal diode having unusual reverse current characteristics which are particularly suitable for voltage regulating purposes. When a reverse voltage applied to a zener diode is increased, a value is reached at which the current increases greatly from its normal reverse value. This voltage is known as zener voltage (Vz) or