A very common application of transistors is to construct drivers to drive motors. One such circuit is the H-bridge driver circuit, which is commonly used to drive motors in both directions. The circuit looks like the letter ‘H’ in circuit schematics, so it is called an H-bridge. An H-bridge circuit is constructed using four switching […]
The 555 timer chip (such as the NE555 8-pin chip from Texas Instruments) is an integrated circuit that uses a transistor, resistors, flip-flops, comparators, and capacitors to produce a variety of clock signals, including a fixed pulse, a periodic signal, and a frequency dividing signal. The NE555 can operate over a wide voltage supply range
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A SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) is a three-terminal semiconductor device that behaves like a diode but with an additional terminal. The additional terminal is called a gate, and when a small current flows into the gate, it allows a much larger current to flow from the anode to the cathode (provided that the voltage between the
Metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are the other family of transistors that are commonly used. The MOSFET is based on the original field effect transistor (FET) that was introduced in the 1960s. Similar to the BJT family, they are also three terminal devices, but they have different names for the terminals, and they operate
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The oscilator, which typically varies in frequency from Hz to a few MHz, is an electronic device used to convert DC energy into AC energy with a high frequency. An external signal source, such as an amplifier, is not required for an oscillator. Oscillators typically come in two varieties: sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal. While non-sinusoidal oscillators
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Overview of PMOS When p-type dopants are utilized in the gate area (the channel), the transistor is known as a p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor (pMOS) or PMOSFET. The device activates when the gate receives a negative voltage. PMOS or pMOS also referred to as P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor logic, is a category of the digital circuit built employing
In many situations, the raw output of the sensor may not be in a form suitable to be interfaced to a measurement device or an A/D convertor, and some form of signal conditioning is needed to be applied to the sensor output. These signal conditioning operations include filtering, amplification, or using a bridge circuit. In
There are a number of parameters that characterize sensors’ performance. The time-independent characteristics are called the static characteristics, while the time-dependent characteristics are called the dynamic characteristics. The static characteristics characterize the sensor output after it has settled due to changes in the physical quantity being measured. The dynamic characteristics describe the sensor characteristics from
An ideal dc voltage source produces a load voltage that is constant. The simplest example of an ideal dc voltage source is a perfect battery, one whose internal resistance is zero. Figure 1(a) shows an ideal voltage source connected to a variable load resistance of 1 V to 10 MΩ. The voltmeter reads 10 V,
Figure 1(a) shows a boost converter, another basic topology for converters. A boost converter always steps the voltage up. The theory of operation is similar to that for a buck converter in some ways but very different in others. Boost Converter Working For instance, when the pulse is high, the switch is closed and energy