Digital integrated circuits are produced using several different circuit configurations and production technologies. Each such approach is called a specific logic family. In this article, we will discuss different logic families used to hardware-implement different logic functions in the form of digital integrated circuits. There are a variety of circuit configurations or more appropriately various […]
Logic Gates Logic gates are electronic circuits that can be used to implement the most elementary logic expressions, also known as Boolean expressions. The logic gate is the most basic building block of combinational logic. There are three basic logic gates, namely the OR gate, the AND gate and the NOT gate. Other logic gates
Frequency Counter The most basic function of a frequency counter is the measurement of an unknown frequency. Modern frequency counters, however, offer much more than just frequency measurement. Other related parameters such as the time period, which is the reciprocal of frequency, the time interval between two events and the totalize count, which is nothing
Frequency Synthesizers Frequency synthesizers generate sinusoidal signals of extremely high frequency stability and exceptional output level accuracy. Frequency synthesizers and similar instruments such as synthesized function/signal generators are used to provide test signals for characterization of devices, subsystems and systems. Synthesized function generators, in addition to providing spectrally pure and accurate CW sinusoidal signals, also
Types of Oscilloscope After the multimeter, the oscilloscope is the most commonly used item of electronic test equipment. Be it the electronics industry or a research laboratory, the oscilloscope is an indispensable test and measurement tool for an electronics engineer or technician. Most of us regard the oscilloscope as an item of equipment that is
Logic Analyser The logic analyser is used for performance analysis and fault diagnosis of digital systems. Logic analysers have become a very relevant and indispensable diagnostic tool in the present day instrumentation scenario, with the whole gamut of electronic instruments being centred on microprocessor/microcomputer based digital architecture. In addition, most logic analysers can be configured
Analog to Digital Conversion Physical quantities like temperature, pressure, velocity etc. can be measured using transducer circuits. The resulting analog voltage produced by a transducer is often converted to digital form so that it can be processed by a computer or a digital signal processor (DSP). The conversion of an analog signal to digital utilizes
Boolean Equation for Logic Gate Circuits An understanding of the technique of writing simplified Boolean equations for complex logical statements is a useful tool when creating PLC control programs. Some laws of Boolean algebra are different from those of ordinary algebra. These three basic laws illustrate the close comparison between Boolean algebra and ordinary algebra,
Function of Adder An adder is the primary computation unit in a digital computer. Few routines are performed by a computer in which the adder is not used. Adders are designed to work in either serial or parallel circuits. Because the parallel adder is faster and used more often, it is covered in more detail
Function of Encoder An encoder is a combinational logic circuit that accepts one or more inputs and generates a multibit binary output. Encoding is the process of converting any keyboard character or number as input to a coded output such as a binary or BCD form. Figure 1 shows a decimal-to-binary encoder. Its function is