Correct Use of Prepositions

जहाँ हिन्दी में कारक की केवल पाँच-सात विभक्तियों (को, से, में पर आदि) से काम चल जाता है, वहाँ अँगरेजी में दर्जनों Prepositions की सहायता लेनी पड़ती है।

हिंदी के एक ‘से’ के लिए अँगरेजी में with, by, from, for, since आदि Prepositions हैं। कहीं ‘से’ का अनुवाद with होता है, तो कहीं by और यदि since या for का प्रयोग करना हो, तो एक अजीब आफत ही आ जाती है।

यही कारण है कि Prepositions के प्रयोग में इतनी भूलें होती हैं। पर, याद रखें कि Prepositions का शुद्ध प्रयोग जाने बिना आप अँगरेजी भाषा का रसास्वादन कर ही नहीं सकते। इसलिए इनके प्रयोग पर विचार करें।

Kinds of Prepositions

Prepositions की सहायता से भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के अर्थों का बोध होता है। इसमें प्रमुख ये हैं-

(i) Time [समय]: at, by, between, before, after, during, in, on, to, from, for, since, throughout, till, until

इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He came at 7 o’clock.
He came on Monday.
He will start after lunch.
She will return before dinner.
It has rained for a week.
It has been raining since Monday.
He will come by 7 o’clock.
He will come before 7 o’clock.
He will go out during Pujas.
He was here throughout summer.

(ii) Place/Position [स्थान/स्थिति]: at, above, across, against, before, behind, in, on, over, under

इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He is at home.
He is in his room.
He has no roof above his head.
There is an umbrella over his head.
There is a cap on his head.
Place a ladder against the wall.
The thief stood before the judge.
Place a ladder against the wall.
He is sitting under a tree.

(iii) Direction [दिशा]: above, into, on, to, towards, up,

इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He is above me in rank.
He climbed up a tree.
He fell into a river.
He is going to school.
He is kind towards the poor.
He fired on the enemy.

(iv) Relative Position [समबन्ध सूचक स्थिति]: between, among, amongst

There is friendship between him and me.
There is unity among the boys.
There is a village among the hills.
There is no difference amongst us.

(v) Destination [गंतव्य स्थान]: to, from

He is going to market.
He is coming from school.

(vi) (a) State/Condition [दशा/अवस्था]: at, in, on, under

(b) Change of State [अवस्था में परिवर्तन]: into, to

Boys are at play.
He is at work.
That house is under repair.
He is in good health.
The case is under consideration.
He died in misery.
Love turned into hatred.

(vii) Aim/Goal/Purpose/Target [लक्ष्य/उद्देश्य]: for

He bought a pen for Mohan.
He died for his society.
I borrowed a book from the library.
He lives for others.

(viii) Origin/Source [उत्पति/उद्गम/स्रोत्र]: from, of

This road runs from Patna to Gaya.
I borrowed a book from the library.
He comes of a rich family.

(ix) Separation [अलग होना]: from, of, off

Leaves are falling from the tree.
He is away from home.
He was robbed of his money.

(x) Relation/Possession [सम्बंध/अधिकार]:

This is the house of my friend.
He is a servant of my uncle.
It is a poem of Dinkar.
He is off duty now.
The dog jumped off the chair.

(xi) Material/Ingredient [वस्तु/वस्तु का अंश]: of, from

This chair is made of wood.
We make butter from milk.

(xii) Part/Portion [भाग/अंश]: of

This is the window of this house.
This is the horn of my car.
Give me a piece of silk.

(xiii) Means/Instrument [साधन]: by, in, with, without

He came here by car.
He was struck by lightning.
It is written in ink.
He speaks in English.
We see with our eyes.
This play was written by Mohan.
The house was destroyed by fire.
It is written in pencil.
She writes in Hindi. We can’t see without eyes.

(xiv) Manner [ढंग/तरीका]: like, with

He is like his father.
He treated me with kindness.
I look upon this work with pride.
He heard me with sympathy.

(xv) Cause [कारण]: from, of, for, with

He died from loss of blood.
He will suffer for his bad habits.
Her eyes are red with tears.
He died of cholera.
He is sick with fever.

(xvi) Measurement/Standard [मानक/मापदंड]: at, by, for, to

Rice sells at Rs 4/- a kilogram.
It is ten by my watch.
He is good at painting.
She is good at cooking.
Mangoes sell two to a rupee.
She is rather tall for her age.
She is bad at mathematics.
He is clever at games.

(xvii) Accompaniment [साथ-साथ, एक साथ]: with, without

I played with them.
He came without his wife.

(xviii) Support/Opposition [पक्ष/विपक्ष]: for, against

I stand for my friend.
He is against me.
I am for the resolution.
He is against the motion.

(xix) Subject-matter [विषय/वस्तु]: on, about

I am reading a book on English grammar.
I told him about my school.

(xx) Exception [अपवाद]: but, except

None but I/me can do this work.
All except him have done well.

(xxi) Concession [यद्यपि/तथापि]: in spite of

In spite of poverty, he is happy.
In spite of difficulties, he rose high.

Meaning and Correct Use of Prepositions

About

(i) के संबंध में-

He is careless about his duties.
What are you angry about?

(ii) स्थान का भाव-

She is walking about the town.
Books are lying about the room.

(iii) About + infinitive [कार्य तुरंत होने का भाव]

They are about to start.
She is about to die.

Above

(i) के ऊपर [स्थान का बोध]

The plane is flying above the clouds.
She has no roof above her head.

(ii) से परे/से ऊपर

She is above suspicion.
He married above his position.

Across

(i) के उस पार [स्थान का भाव]

He lives just across the road.

(ii) इस छोर से दूसरी छोर तक

There is a bridge across the river.

After

(i) के बाद [समय का बोध]

We went out after lunch/10 o’clock.

(ii) ठीक बाद में [समय का बोध]

She will go home the day after tomorrow.

(iii) के अनुसार/की शैली में

This is a poem after Wordsworth.

(iv) दुहरावट के अर्थ में

We suffer day after day/week after week.

Among and Between

(a) Between के बाद जब दो Nouns या Pronouns आते हैं तब वे and द्वारा जुड़े रहते हैं, or या to के द्वारा नहीं; जैसे—

Please see me between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m.
You have to choose between death and disgrace.
One has to choose between this and that.

इन वाक्यों में and के बदले or या to का प्रयोग अशुद्ध होता।

(b) Between के बाद कोई एक Plural Noun या Pronoun आता है या दो Nouns / Pronouns जो and से जुड़े रहते हैं; पर इसके (between के बाद Distributive ‘each’ या ‘every’ का प्रयोग नहीं हो सकता; जैसे-

He is between two horns of a dilemma.
It is between us.
I am between two perils.
It is between him and me.
He is between the devil and the deep sea.

अब इन वाक्यों को लें-

There is rivalry between each boy. (x)
The batsman blew a whistle between every ball. (x)

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में between के बाद each का और दूसरे में every का प्रयोग हुआ है। यह प्रयोग अशुद्ध है। यदि आप each/every को हटाकर इसके बाद आनेवाले Noun को Plural बना दें, तो वाक्य शुद्ध हो जाएँगे — between boys/balls.

(c) Between के बाद जो and द्वारा जुड़े हुए Nouns/Pronouns आते हैं वे सभी Objective Case में रहते हैं, Nominative में कभी भी नहीं; जैसे-

It is between Ram and me.
It is between him and her.

इन दोनों वाक्यों में and द्वारा जुड़े Nouns या Pronouns Objective Case में हैं, इसलिए ये वाक्य शुद्ध हैं। अब इन्हें देखें-

It is between he and I. (x)
It is between he and she. (x)

ये वाक्य अशुद्ध हैं, क्योंकि यहाँ and से जुड़े Pronouns को Nominative Case में रख दिया गया है। ऐसी भूलों से अवश्य बचें।

(i) Among और Between, इन दोनों ही का अर्थ होता है ‘बीच में’; पर इनमें अंतर यह है कि between का अर्थ होता है केवल ‘दो के बीच’ और among का ‘दो से अधिक के बीच’। इसलिए between का प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के साथ होता है, पर among का दो से अधिक के साथ; जैसे—

The money was divided between my two sons.
The money was divided among my three sons.

यदि यहाँ पहले वाक्य में among का प्रयोग होता और दूसरे में between का, तो भयंकर भूल हो जाती। इसलिए ये वाक्य अशुद्ध हैं-

The whole wealth was divided between the five sons. (x)
The whole wealth was divided among his two sons. (x)

(ii) Between का प्रयोग दो से अधिक के साथ भी होता है, जब उन सब वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों के बीच परस्पर संबंध या सहयोग (reciprocal relation) का बोध होता है-

There is a treaty between the five great powers.
Our choice lies between these four candidates.
There is not much space between the three points.

इन वाक्यों में among का प्रयोग उचित नहीं होता, क्योंकि यहाँ परस्पर संबंध का भाव झलकता है।

Among and Amongst

इन दोनों के प्रयोग में बहुत अंतर नहीं, पर यह अवश्य कहा जा सकता है कि among का प्रयोग amongst से अधिक होता है। साधारण प्रयोग के लिए आप इस नियम को याद रखें— among या amongst के बाद यदि the आए, तो किसी भी एक का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं; पर यदि उसके बाद vowel आए, तो amongst का ही प्रयोग करना चाहिए-

amongst the men; among the men; amongst us.

Against

(i) के विरुद्ध / विपरीत

I am against this proposal.

(ii) से सटकर [स्थान का बोध]

Put a ladder against the tree.

(iii) की तुलना में

There were fifty murders this year against a hundred last year.

(iv) की तैयारी में

This is an injection against cholera.

At

(i) पर/में [समय का बोध]

She will reach at 10 o’clock.
They came at noon/night/midnight.

(ii) पर/में [छोटे स्थान का बोध]

She is at home.
He lives at Patna.
He is at school.

किसी देश के नाम के पहले in आता है, at नहीं, जैसे—

We live in India.

(iii) दिशा (direction) का बोध

She is looking at him.
He aimed his gun at the thief.

(iv) उम्र (age) का बोध

He left school at 10.

(v) अस्थायी रूप से कार्य में लगे रहने का बोध

They are at work = They are working now.
Boys are at play = Boys are playing now.

स्थायी कार्य/व्यवसाय के साथ in का प्रयोग होता है, जैसे-

He is in the army.
She is in politics.

(vi) कीमत/दर [price/rate]

Rice sells at Rs 5/- a kilogram.
I got this book at Rs 25.

(vii) गति (speed) की दर

The car is running at forty kilometres an hour.

(viii) के कारण [कारण का भाव]

We are delighted at your success.

On and At

समय का बोध कराने के लिए on का प्रयोग खास दिन (day) या तिथि (date) के पहले होता है, पर at का घण्टे (hour) के पहले; जैसे-

I will start on Monday.
I will start on the 2nd June.
I will start at 5 o’clock.

यहाँ पहले दो वाक्यों में at और तीसरे में on का प्रयोग अशुद्ध होता ।

On और at से स्थान का भी बोध इस प्रकार होता है—

There is a book on the table.
There is no hair on his head.
My son is at school.
She is at home.

Beside and Besides

Beside का अर्थ होता है, ‘बगल में’, ‘समीप’ या ‘बाहर’ (by the side of या outside) और इससे स्थान का बोध होता है; पर besides का अर्थ होता है ‘अतिरिक्त’ (in addition to); जैसे-

There is a river beside my residence.
Your argument is beside the point.
Besides English, he knows many other languages.

अब इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He sat besides me. (x)
Your answer is besides the point. (x)
Beside a pen, he has a watch. (x)

यहाँ पहले दो वाक्यों में beside का और तीसरे में besides का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।

Before

(i) से पहले [समय का बोध]

He will get back before 9 a.m./lunch.

(ii) से पहले [स्थान का बोध]

A comes before B.

(iii) के सामने [स्थान का बोध]

He stood before the judge.

Behind

(i) के पीछे [स्थान का बोध]

He is walking behind his mother.

(ii) के पीछे [तुलना का बोध]

He is behind others in his class.

By

(i) के समीप/के किनारे [से सटा हुआ]

He sat by me.
Here is a temple by this river.

(ii) तक [समय के पहले]

He will get back by 9a.m.
He should be here by the evening.

(iii) यातायात का साधन [means of travel/ transport]

We travel by car/bus/train/boat/ship/taxi/cycle.
We travel by land/sea/air.
We send something by post/hand.

NOTE: We travel on foot/ on horseback.

By and In: जब car/taxi/bus के पहले a/an या a/an + adjective आता है तब उसे एक विशेष (special) प्रकार का यातायात का साधन माना जाता है और इसलिए उस साधन के पहले in आता है; by नहीं, जैसे—

He came in a new car.
She came in a yellow taxi.

By and On: इसी प्रकार, जब cycle के पहले a/an या a/an + adjective आता है, तब इसके पहले on का प्रयोग होता है; by का नहीं, जैसे-

He came on his own cycle/ bike.
She came on a new cycle/bike.

(iv) By and With: सजीव साधन/कार्यकर्ता के साथ by आता है-

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
The Taj Mahal was built by Shahjehan.
He was beaten by his teacher.

पर निर्जीव साधन के साथ with का प्रयोग होता है-

He was beaten with a cane.
We see with our eyes.

NOTE: जब निर्जीव साधन सजीव कार्यकर्ता के समान कार्य करता है, तब इसके पहले by का प्रयोग होता है—

Roads are lighted by electricity.
That house was destroyed by fire.
He was killed by lightning.
We pay wages by cheque. [but in cash]

(v) माप/तौल/दर का बोध by के द्वारा इस प्रकार होता है-

We hire a taxi / scooter by the hour.
We pay wages by the day.
We buy eggs by the dozen.
We buy petrol by the litre.
This house is 20 ft. by 15 ft.

(vi) शरीर के किसी अंग को साधन की तरह प्रयोग करने पर उसके पहले by आता है-

I caught him by the neck.
I seized him by the hair.

(vii) के अनुसार का भाव

It is nine by my watch.

(viii) शपथ लेने का भाव

I swear by God.

(ix) तुलना का भाव

We won by three goals to one.

In and Into

In

(i) में [स्थान का बोध]

He lives in a village / in India.
He is sitting in an easy chair. [but, sitting on a chair without arms]
She is lying in bed. [but sitting on the bed]

(ii) में [समय का बोध]

He will come back in an hour/in a week.
He will come in the morning/evening.

(iii) में [पोशाक में]

He is in white/black.

(iv) में [अवस्था का बोध]

He is in good health.
He is in tears.

(v) में [साधन का बोध]

It is written in ink/pencil.
It is printed in two colours.

(vi) में [स्थायी कार्य/पेशा का बोध]

He is in the army/navy.

Into

(i) में [बाहर से भीतर की ओर गति]

He came into the house / garden.
She fell into a ditch.

(ii) में [दशा/अवस्था का परिवर्तन]

The rain has changed into snow.
Translate this passage into English.

In and At

Morning/evening/afternoon के पहले in आता है, पर night/midnight के पहले at का प्रयोग होता है। इन वाक्यों को देखें-

She will get back in the morning.
She will get back at night/midnight.

In and Within

जब वाक्य में Future Tense का प्रयोग होता है और period of time आता है तब in के बाद का ‘बोध होता है और within से पहले का, जैसे-

He will come in a week. [एक सप्ताह के बाद]
He will come within a week. [एक सप्ताह के पहले]

इसलिए Future Tense में Period of Time के साथ after का प्रयोग इस प्रकार न करें-

He will come after a week. (x)

In and After

Future Tense में Point of Time के साथ after का प्रयोग उचित है, जैसे-

He will come after 6p.m./after sunset.

Past Tense में Period of Time के साथ in/after का प्रयोग इस प्रकार होता है-

He came in a week/after a week.

Past Tense में Point of Time के साथ after का प्रयोग इस प्रकार होता है-

He came after 9a.m.

In and On

जब किसी वस्तु के area का बोध होता है, तब in आता है, पर जब इससे volume का भाव व्यक्त होता है, तब on आता है, जैसे-

Area: in the world, in the town/village, in the park/field, in the room
Volume: on the wall, on the roof/ceiling, on the farm, on the field

इन वाक्यों को देखें-

Horses are grazing in the field. [area]
Players are practising on the field. [volume/surface]

For

(i) के लिए [उद्देश्य का भाव]

I bought sweets for children/for them.

(ii) के लिए/की ओर

He set out for home.

(iii) के कारण

They danced for joy.
He got a prize for bravery.

(iv) राशि/संख्या का भाव

I paid Rs10/- for this book.
The score is 250 runs for five wickets.

(v) पसंद का भाव

He has a liking for fish.
He has a taste for music.

(vi) समर्थन का भाव

I am for this proposal.

(vii) के रहते हुए भी [in spite of]

For all his wealth he is unhappy.

(viii) समय का बोध [period of time]

She has gone home for a week.
He stayed here for a few hours.

For and Since [से अब तक]

इन दोनों ही का अर्थ ‘से’ होता है। इनसे समय का बोध होता है, और यह भी बोध होता है कि जो काम भूतकाल में आरंभ हुआ था वह अभी भी जारी है। इनके प्रयोग के संबंध में इन नियमों का ध्यान रखें-

(i) For और Since के पहले Present Perfect/Past Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous Tense आता है।

(ii) For के साथ period of time (अवधि) का प्रयोग होता है और इससे यह बोध होता है कि कार्य कितने समय तक चला। For के साथ period of time बताने के लिए इनका प्रयोग होता है—

for + numeral adjective + hours/minutes/days
for + numeral adjective + week/month/year/a long time

(iii) Since के साथ point of time (निश्चित समय-सूचक शब्द) आता है और इससे यह बोध होता है कि कार्य कबसे आरंभ हुआ। Since के साथ point of time बताने के लिए इनका प्रयोग होता है—

Since + morning/evening/night/o’clock
Since + name of the day/month/year
Since + birth/death/marriage/arrival/departure
Since + name of an event/festival

इन वाक्यों को देखें-

It has been raining since 7 o’clock/morning.
It has been raining for five hours.
She has been working here since 1980.
She has been working here for five years.
I haven’t seen him since his birthday/marriage.
He has been ill for a week.
He has been ill since Monday.
I haven’t written to him since May.
I haven’t written to him for over a month.

अब इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He is here since Monday. (x)
He has been ill since a week. (x)

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में Monday से पता चलता है कि काम कब से शुरू हुआ, पर since के पहले Present Simple Tense का प्रयोग हुआ है, जो अशुद्ध है। यहाँ Present Perfect (has been) का प्रयोग होना चाहिए-

He has been here since Monday.

दूसरे वाक्य में since के पहले Present Perfect Tense का प्रयोग तो हुआ है पर इसके बाद a week का जिससे ‘कितने समय’ (Period of Time) का बोध होता है, ‘कब से’ (from when) का नहीं। इसलिए यहाँ since के बदले for का प्रयोग होना चाहिए-

He has been ill for a week.

अब इन वाक्यों को लें-

It is raining since last Thursday. (x)
The school was closed since yesterday. (x)
My father has been ill since three days. (x)
The results have been known since two days. (x)

यहाँ पहले वाक्य में is के बदले has been और दूसरे में was closed के बदले has been closed का प्रयोग होना चाहिए। तीसरे और चौथे में since के बदले for का प्रयोग होना चाहिए, क्योंकि three days/two days से Period of Time का बोध होता है, Point of Time का नहीं।

For and During

For और During – इन दोनों से Period of Time (अवधि) का बोध होता है, पर इनमें एक अंतर है। For के साथ Period of Time अनिश्चित होता है, पर During साथ वह निश्चित (जाना हुआ) रहता है; जैसे—

for an hour, for a month, forever, for a long time
during summer/winter/night,
during Puja holidays/Christmas,
during one’s childhood, during 1942.

Since and From

इन दोनों ही का अर्थ ‘से’ होता है और इनका प्रयोग Point of Time के साथ होता है। इनमें अंतर यह है कि since का प्रयोग केवल Past Time बतलाने के लिए होता है, पर from का प्रयोग सभी Tenses में होता है। इसलिए since का प्रयोग Future Tense का साथ करना अशुद्ध है। इन वाक्यों को लें-

He has been ill since Tuesday.
He will be absent from Tuesday.
He was absent from Tuesday to Thursday.

ये सभी वाक्य शुद्ध हैं, पर यह वाक्य अशुद्ध है-

He will be absent since Tuesday.

Last week/month/year के साथ since आता है, क्योंकि इससे Point of Time का बोध होता है, जैसे-

I have been ill since last week [not, for]

The last + week/month/year के साथ for का प्रयोग होता है, क्योंकि इससे Period of Time का बोध होता है, जैसे-

I have been ill for the last week. [not, since]

NOTE (a): past simple + for

जब वाक्य में past simple के साथ for + period of time आता है तब इससे यह बोध होता है कि कार्य भूतकाल में समाप्त हो गया, जैसे-

1. I lived in Mumbai for five years.

[पर अब मुंबई में नहीं रहता हूँ।]

2. I have lived in Mumbai for five years.

[मुंबई में अभी भी रहता हूँ।]

NOTE (b): present/future + for

जब for का अर्थ के लिए होता है तब वाक्य में present या future tense का प्रयोग इस प्रकार होता है—

She is going away for a week.
He will work for six hours a day.

NOTE (c): distance/duration का भाव व्यक्त होने पर for का प्रायः लोप हो जाता है, जैसे-

We walked ten kilometres. [not, for ten kilometres]
The meeting lasted three hours [not, for three hours]
I stayed there one month. [not, for one month]

NOTE (d): noun/verb + for noun + for/ verb + for से इन अर्थों का बोध होता है—

in place of, in exchange for, on behalf of, in favour of, for the sake of, for the purpose of, in spite of, in the direction of

इन वाक्यों को लें-

I took him for a thief.
I bought a pen for Rs 5/-
Let us die for our country.
I bought a pen for Ram.
He left for Mumbai.
For all his wealth he is not happy.

Of/Off

Of

(i) स्रोत [origin/source]

He comes of a poor family.

(ii) कारण [cause]

He died of cholera.
She died of hunger.

(iii) किसी वस्तु का अंग

This is a nib of this pen.
These are the doors of this room.

(iv) माप तौल

I want a piece of paper.
He bought a litre of petrol.

(v) बहुत में से एक

He is a friend of mine.

(vi) दूरी [distance]

The bus stop is within a kilometre of my house.

(vii) वस्तु [material]

This house is made of brick/stone/wood.
This cloth is made of cotton/silk.

Of and From

Of और from इन दोनों से material (वस्तु/सामान) का बोध होता है, पर इनमें एक अंतर है। इन वाक्यों को लें-

This house is made of brick.
Wine is made from grapes.

Make of से केवल यह बोध होता है वह वस्तु ज्यों-का-त्यों रह जाती है । पर make from से यह बोध होता है कि वह वस्तु दूसरी वस्तु में बदल जाती है। इन वाक्यों को भी देखें-

Butter is made from milk.
A bridge is made of steel.

Off

Off से अलग होने (separation) का भाव व्यक्त होता है—

He is off duty now.
The dog jumped off the chair.

On

(i) पर [स्थान का बोध]

He is sitting on a chair.
There is a ring on his finger.

(ii) को/पर [समय का बोध]

He will go home on Sunday.
The train arrived on time.
She reached on the morning of the Ist January.

NOTE (a): In time का अर्थ होता है समय से कुछ पहले, पर on time का अर्थ होता है बिलकुल ठीक या निर्धारित समय पर ।

NOTE (b): Morning/evening/afternoon के पहले in आता है, पर जब इनके साथ of + date का प्रयोग होता है, तब इनके पहले on आता है, in नहीं, जैसे-

He came here in the morning.
He came here on the morning of the Ist January.

(iii) की ओर [दिशा का बोध]

He smiled on her.
She drew a dagger on him.

(iv) आधार या कारण का बोध

I acted on the lawyer’s advice.

(v) कार्य/व्यवसाय का बोध

He is on tour / business.

(vi) के विषय/संबंध में

This is a book on grammar.

(vii) सदस्य या आधिकारिक रूप से रहने का भाव

He is on the staff of the AIR.
I am on the finance committee.

To

(i) को [to + object]

He wrote to me.
She replied to my letter.
I spoke to him.
I gave a pen to each of them.

(ii) की ओर [दिशा का बोध]

He is going to college/market.

(iii) तक [स्थान का बोध]

He will go from Agra to Delhi.

(iv) तक [समय का बोध]

He works from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m.

(v) तुलना का बोध

This is superior/inferior to that.
We won by six goals to three.

(vi) के प्रति

It is our duty to our parents/teachers.

(vii) पहले [समय का बोध]

It is a quarter to nine.
It is ten to seven.

(viii) पर

He invited me to tea/lunch /dinner. [not, at]

With/Without

(i) से/के द्वारा [निर्जीव साधन का भाव]

He writes with a pen.
He is writing with a pencil.
We can’t write without a pen.
We can’t see without eyes.

NOTE: In and With

He is writing with a pencil.
He is writing in pencil.

जब pencil के पहले a आता है, तब इसके साथ with का प्रयोग होता है, पर जब pencil के पहले a नहीं आता, अर्थात जब इसे एक uncountable noun माना जाता है, तब इसके साथ in आता है।

(ii) के साथ/साथ-साथ का भाव

He is playing with a cat.
He came here with his wife.

(iii) से [कारण का भाव]

He is trembling with fear.
Her eyes are red with tears.

(iv) से [संबंध का भाव]

I have nothing to do with her.

(v) तरीका [manner] का भाव

He fought with courage.
He came here with his wife.

(vi) गुण/विशेषता का भाव

He is a boy with long hair.
She is a girl with big blue eyes.

(vii) जुदाई (separation) का भाव

I parted with him at the station.

(viii) सहमति/विरोध का भाव

I agree with him.
He came here with his wife.

(ix) के रहते हुए भी [in spite of]

With all his wealth he is unhappy.

(x) के साथ [समय का भाव]

It is good to rise with the sun.

Verb/Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

कुछ ऐसे Verbs और Adjectives होते हैं जिनके बाद Infinitive कभी भी नहीं आता। वैसी अवस्था में Infinitive के बदले Preposition आता है और Preposition के बाद सदा Gerund (verb + ing) आता है। इस प्रकार, वाक्य की बनावट होती है— preposition + verb + ing. ये हैं-

abstain from, aim at, assist in, bent on, confident of, debar from, desirous of, desist from, despair of, disqualified from, dissuade (one) from, excel in, excuse for, fortunate in, hinder (one) from, hopeful of, insist on, intend on, meditate on, negligent in, passion for, perceive in, persist in, prevent from, (to take) pride in, prohibit (one) from, proud of, refrain from, repent of, succeed in, successful in, think of

इस सूची की सहायता से याद रखें कि किस Verb/Adjective के बाद कौन उपयुक्त Preposition आता है और तब इन Prepositions के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग अवश्य करें। कुछ लोग ऐसे Verbs और Adjectives के बाद Preposition के बदले Infinitive का प्रयोग कर देते हैं, जो निस्सन्देह अशुद्ध है। इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He prevented me to do it. (x)
He is disqualified to compete. (x)
I am hopeful to pass. (x)
He refrains to do it. (x)
I am desirous to go. (x)
He persists to do so. (x)

इन वाक्यों में Infinitive का प्रयोग अशुद्ध है। उपयुक्त Preposition का प्रयोग इस प्रकार करें, उसके बाद Gerund का — preposition + gerund, जैसे-

He prevented me from doing it.
He refrains from doing it.
He is disqualified from competing.
I am desirous of going.
I am hopeful of passing.
He persists in doing so.

NOTE: Aim के बाद preposition + gerund (aim at returning) के बदले aim + infinitive का प्रयोग आजकल काफी तेजी से चल पड़ा है, जो एक अमेरिकी प्रयोग (American usage) है। शुद्ध अँगरेजी प्रयोग (British idiom) के अनुसार aim at + verb + ing होना चाहिए, aim to + verb नहीं।

EXERCISE: Correct the following sentences.

Who can prevent me to go there?
Would you assist me to do it?
He is bent to ruin himself.
Ram is confident to win.
I cannot hinder you to go there.
He is negligent to attend the class.
I am proud to have a friend like you.
He repented to do it.
He succeeded to do this work.
I have a passion to learn new things.
I prohibited him to do that work.
I insisted him to leave the place.

Hints: (1) from going; (2) in doing; (3) on ruining; (4) of winning; (5) from going; (6) in attending; (7) of having; (8) of doing; (9) in doing; (10) for learning; (11) from doing; (12) insisted on his leaving

Ellipsis in Preposition

Preposition के संबंध में आप एक और बात का ध्यान रखें । वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों को जोड़ने पर उनके लिए एक ही Preposition का प्रयोग होता है, यदि वह Preposition उनमें से प्रत्येक शब्द के लिए उपयुक्त (appropriate) हो। पर, यदि वे ऐसे शब्द हों जिनमें से प्रत्येक के लिए वह उपयुक्त नहीं हो (एक के लिए उपयुक्त और दूसरे के लिए नहीं), तो आप प्रत्येक शब्द के लिए उपयुक्त Preposition का अलग-अलग प्रयोग करें, उन सबके लिए एक ही (common) Preposition का नहीं, जैसे-

We should prevent damage to and theft of railway property.

यहाँ दो Nouns (‘damage’ और ‘theft’) को and से जोड़ा गया है। आप जानते हैं कि damage के बाद to आता है, पर theft के बाद of इन दोनों शब्दों के लिए अलग-अलग उपयुक्त Prepositions हैं। इसलिए इन दोनों ही Prepositions का प्रयोग किया गया है – damage to and theft of.

आप ऐसा नहीं लिख सकते-

We should prevent damage and theft of railway property. (x)

यहाँ ‘of’ theft के लिए तो उपयुक्त है, पर damage के लिए नहीं। अब इस वाक्य को देखें-

He is not only hopeful but also confident of success.

यहाँ hopeful तथा confident दोनों ही के लिए एक Preposition ‘of’ का प्रयोग हुआ है, जो शुद्ध है, क्योंकि यह Preposition दोनों ही के लिए उपयुक्त है – of (hopeful + confident). एक-दो और उदाहरण लें-

He was neither ashamed nor sorry for his deeds. (x)
He has interest and passion for sports. (x)

ये दोनों वाक्य अशुद्ध हैं। पहले वाक्य में एक ही Preposition ‘for’ का प्रयोग किया गया है। जो sorry ‘ के लिए तो उपयुक्त है, पर ashamed के लिए नहीं, क्योंकि ashamed के बाद of आता है। यहाँ ‘for’ common factor नहीं है। इसलिए इस वाक्य की बनावट इस प्रकार की होनी चाहिए-

He was neither ashamed of nor sorry for his deeds.

दूसरे वाक्य में भी ‘for’ common factor नहीं है, क्योंकि interest के बाद in आता है, for नहीं। अतः, इस वाक्य की बनावट इस प्रकार की होनी चाहिए-

He has interest in and passion for sports.

EXERCISE: Correct the following sentences.

Please listen and reflect on this matter.
He was afraid and alarmed at the sound.
I neither object nor approve of it.
Let 4 be added or subtracted from 8.
It added rather than detracted from its beauty.

Hints: (1) listen to; (2) afraid of; (3) object to; (4) added to; (5) added to

Transitive Verb and Preposition

Transitive Verb के साथ Preposition का प्रयोग उचित नहीं; जैसे-

The poet describes about nature. (x)
He discussed on this problem. (x)

इन वाक्यों में ‘describes’ और ‘discussed’ Transitive Verbs हैं। इसलिए पहले वाक्य में about और दूसरे में on का प्रयोग अशुद्ध है। अब इन वाक्यों को देखें-

He investigated into the case.
He criticised upon my action.
He resembles to his mother.
I recommended for him.
I did not catch up his words.
He resigned from his post.

इन वाक्यों में into/upon/to/for/up/from का प्रयोग अनावश्यक है।

EXERCISE: Correct the following sentences.

I asked from him a question.
A wife must love to her husband.
The conference discussed on the merits of the issue.
In these lines the poet has described about death.
I will investigate into the case.
He forgot about me.
He signed to the deed.
It does not answer to my purpose.

Hints: (1) asked him; (2) love her; (3) discussed the merits; (4) described death; (5) investigate the; (6) forgot me; (7) signed the deed; (8) answer my purpose

‘But’ and the Case

But का अर्थ जब except होता है, तब इसका प्रयोग Conjunction और Preposition दोनों ही प्रकार से होता है। इसलिए इसके बाद Nominative और Objective दोनों में किसी का भी प्रयोग शुद्ध है।

हाँ, आधुनिक अँगरेजी में but के बाद आनेवाले Noun / Pronoun को Nominative Case में रखा जाता है, क्योंकि इसका प्रयोग Conjunction की भाँति हो रहा है। पर, इसका अर्थ यह नहीं कि but के बाद Noun/ Pronoun को Objective Case में रखना अशुद्ध है।

वास्तव में, बोलचाल की भाषा में, और खासकर American usage के अनुसार but के बाद अधिकतर Objective Case का ही प्रयोग होता है।

सभी आचार्यों ने स्वीकार किया है कि but के बाद Nominative और Objective में से किसी एक का प्रयोग शुद्ध है – but him या but he. केवल इतना ही अंतर है कि but के बाद Nominative Case (but he) आधुनिक साहित्यिक प्रयोग (modern literary use) है, क्योंकि अब but को अधिकतर Conjunction ही समझा जाता है और but के बाद Objective Case (but him) बोलचाल का प्रयोग (colloquial) है, क्योंकि कुछ लोग अभी भी but को Preposition ही मानते हैं। ये दोनों ही प्रयोग शुद्ध हैं, पर यदि शुद्ध आधुनिक व्याकरण की दृष्टि से देखा जाए तो but के बाद Nominative Case का प्रयोग Objective Case अधिक अच्छा है।

Correct Use of Prepositions

Kinds of Prepositions

Meaning and Correct Use of Prepositions

About

Above

Across

After

Among and Between

Among and Amongst

Against

At

On and At

Beside and Besides

Before

Behind

By

In and Into

In

Into

In and At

In and Within

In and After

In and On

For

For and Since [से अब तक]

For and During

Since and From

Of/Off

Of

Of and From

Off

On

To

With/Without

Verb/Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

Ellipsis in Preposition

Transitive Verb and Preposition

‘But’ and the Case

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